The Saga Of Oedipus By Sophocles - 1082 Words

The saga of Oedipus begins long before the setting of the play takes place. It begins with a prophet, who tells Jocasta and Laius—the king and queen of Thebes at the time—that their son is destined to slay his father and bear children with his mother. To keep this sinful event from happening, they sent the baby away to be abandoned and killed. However, the messenger took pity on the baby and gave it to a shepherd of King Polybus, and the boy was adopted into royalty. When the boy came of age he was told the same fate that had been told to his birth parents. Fearing his adoptive father’s life, he exiled himself from the land. On his journey, he met King Laius, though not knowing it him, at a symbolic location: a crossroad. This emphasizes that it was Oedipus’ decision to kill Laius and travel to Thebes, but was that decision out of free will? Throughout Oedipus Rex, Sophocles employs several examples of a theme of predestined fate determined by the gods suc h as Oedipus inevitably killing his father, marrying his mother, and then having children with her. On Oedipus’ journey after leaving his home in Corinth, he came to a point where three roads met. Crossroads are a symbol for a crucial decision or choice. Does he go left or right? â€Å"As I drew near the triple-branching roads, A herald met me and a man who sat In a car drawn by colts—as in thy tale—The man in front and the old man himself Threatened to thrust me rudely from the path†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sophocles) At this point Oedipus isShow MoreRelatedSophocles Use of Social Commentary in Antigone1334 Words   |  6 Pagestheir origin. In Antigone, Sophocles does this by creating a fictionalized Thebes in which he reflects upon the politics, religion, and societal norms of his own world. He creates a ruler, Creon, whose tyrannical actions serve to promote the merits of democracy and criticize the contemporary government. He also creates a protagonist, Antigone, w ho challenges the validity of the social structure while upholding ancient traditions. This social commentary allows Sophocles to connect with his both theRead MoreAncient Greek Theatre and Drama1648 Words   |  7 PagesGreece was the development of choral songs. These songs were performed at festivals all over the country. Myths resulted from the songs, and soon became stories. According to Peter Arnott, author of An Introduction to the Greek Theatre, the Hercules saga is an example of one of these stories. Most tragedies began with a prologue that gives the audience an introduction. Then the chorus introduced the paradox, which is where characters are made. The paradox is also where the mood of the play is establishedRead More Pathetic vs Ethical1997 Words   |  8 PagesRecognition; the Pathetic (where the motive is passion); the Ethical (where the motives are ethical). The fourth kind is the Simple. Antigone is Sophocles Greek tragedy where we see a woman as the main character. Antigone is part of the â€Å"saga of Thebes† that deals with Oedipus Rex and Oedipus at Colonus. Produced around 442 B.C., we see the children of Oedipus deal with what fate has brought them. Antigone deals with the conflict of her burying her brother which would be in defiance of an order givenRead MoreHAMLET AND ORESTES10421 Words   |  42 Pagesthe Greek stage; and he ^eight if we occurs in no less than seven of our extant tragedies count the Iphigenia in Aulis, where he is an infant whereas Oedipus, for instance, only comes in three and Agamemnon in — — four. I shall use all these seven plays as material : viz. Aeschylus, Choephori and Eumenides; Sophocles, Electra; and Euripides, And Electra, Orestes, Iphigenia in Tauris, and Andromache. before any of these plays was written Orestes was firmly fixed both

A StreetCar Named Desire free essay sample

Hence, blacks mingle with whites, and members of different ethnic groups play poker and bowl together. Stanley, the son of Polish immigrants, represents the changing face of America. Williamss romanticizing is more evident in his portrayal of New Orleans as a city where upper-class people marry members of the lower class, fghts get ugly but are forgotten the next day, and the perpetual bluesy notes of an old piano take the sting out of poverty. The play immediately establishes Stanley and Blanche as polar opposites, with Stella as the link between them. Stage directions describe Stanley as a virulent character whose chief pleasure is women. His dismissal of Blanches beauty is therefore significant, ecause it shows that she does not exude his same brand of carnal desire. On the other hand, Blanches delicate manners and sense of propriety are offended by Stanleys brutish virility. Stanleys qualities†variously described as vitality, heartiness, brutality, primitivism, lust for life, animalistic†lead him over the course of the play into an unrelenting, unthinking assault on the already crumbling facade of Blanches world. When Mitch, one of Stanley’s friends, was introduced to Blanche, she instantly inquired about marriage. Later, when Mitch rejected Blanche due to Stanley’s gossip about her reputation, Blanche immediately considered living in a fantasy world with the previous man, Mr. Huntleigh. Stella Kowalski not only dealt with issues between Blanche and her husband, but also her own. Stella was incredibly weak and passive. In the first poker night in the play, Stanley put his hands on a then pregnant Stella. We shortly find out that physical violence is common in not only the Kowalski household, but also upstairs at the Hubbells’. In the same night shortly after the chaos, Stella returned to bed with her husband. Stella refused to believe Blanche’s accusations that Stanley had raped her were true. Eunice Hubbell, the upstairs neighbor/landlady (also in an abusive relationship), forced Stella to deny reality and believe that sending Blanche to a mental institute was her only choice. Stanley represented a much more secure future than Blanche did.

Never Trust A Man Who Wears Sunglasses At Night Essays - Dragaera

Never Trust A Man Who Wears Sunglasses At Night Vlad was dressed in his usual outfit of black denim jeans,? black silk shirt and sunglasses even though it was 12:00 am, well after dark. He had one thought on his mind, make the meeting on time. As he walked, he recalled the circumstances leading up to his midnight stroll. He had been contacted in the usual way. When he woke up that morning, he had seen a yellow chalk mark across the road on an adjacent building. It would seem someone had need of his specialized services. He certainly hoped so because money was tight at the moment. The yellow mark meant that he had a potential customer and should meet him/her in Central Park at 2:00 am. He was already moving two hours early...always get to the meeting first. Always be sure the area is safe. Always be sure its a customer you're meeting and not the police. He made his way towards the meeting place, stopping only twice. Once, to kick a stray cat he saw walking in front of him. Once, to grab a bottle of Jack Daniel's from the hands of a wino, take a few swallows and throw the bottle away. He finished his initial search of Central Park and found nothing unusual. he completed his second search of the area, again finding nothing out of the ordinary. Now the waiting began. Vlad was experienced in waiting, one had to be in this profession. exactly a black car rolls into the park. Punctual, Vlad thought, a good sign. Vlad watched as two men emerged from the front seat. Both men had large bulges under their arms. High caliber handguns Vlad thought, very nice, very efficient, very professional. The two man walked to the side of the car, one surveying the area, the other slowly opened the rear passenger door. A tall man in an expensive suit, Brooks Brothers, if Vlad wasn't mistaken, and Vlad rarely was. The man appeared calm as he began his wait. At 2:15 Vlad emerged from his hiding place to "greet" his visitors. No one heard him approach. When he appeared the two men reached for their weapons, Vlad was faster. By the time the two men's hands were just reaching into their jackets, Vlad had already drawn, and was aiming his own revolver at them. Laughing, Vlad said "come on boys, no need for those". Addressing the man in the well dressed suit, he said, "why don't you ask your friends to take a walk? The well dressed man smiled, waved his hand, dismissing his bodyguards and said, "they said you were the best"! Vlad replied "that's what I'm paid for". "Ah yes speaking of being paid", the man reached into his pocket for something, Vlad could barely restrain himself from blowing the man away, but he thought that would be bad for business. The well dressed man's hand emerged from his jacket holding a fat, white, unmarked envelope. He tossed the envelope. Vlad caught it deftly in one hand, still keeping his gun trained on the man in front of him. Vlad opened the envelope and saw two large bundles of hundred dollar bills. Also included, was a scrap of paper with a name scribbled on it. The man was watching Vlad intently, as Vlad seemed to ponder something. After a few seconds pause, Vlad said "I accept". Upon hearing these two words the well dressed man re?entered his car, waited for his bodyguards to rejoin him and left. Vlad returned to his building, waited for the elevator and went up to his apartment. Now that he had landed a job he had preparations to begin. After unlocking his door, he replacing the thin piece of hair he kept on the door to know if the door had been disturbed, he went to his bedroom. Vlad looked at his watch, six hours until show time. He pried a loose floor board up from under his bed, revealing a battered looking briefcase. Vlad took hold of the briefcase, lifted it out of the floor and replaced the board. After opening the case, he methodically checked and cleaned the contents. Once he was satisfied that all was in order, he repacked the case. Next, he went to his closet. He decided on a very ordinary looking black blazer, matching pants, and of course, his trademark sunglasses. Vlad smiled as the old adage "All dressed up and nowhere to go" flashed through his mind. "Oh well", he exclaimed "no

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Astronomy Easier Than You May Think

Guide to Writing Argumentative Essays in Astronomy Easier Than You May Think What is an Argumentative Essay in Astronomy? The main purpose of an argumentative essay lies in searching for articles and investigations concerning the chosen topic. The student should conduct his or her own research in order to collect detailed information and review the facts. Since the essay is argumentative, you should carefully explore literature and surveys with the opposing points of view or different theories in terms of the subject. Such a precise gathering of information is essential for the student to form an opinion and choose a viewpoint while reinforcing it with evidence provided by the research. Moreover, the essay should include an explicit thesis statement and rational argumentation. Speaking about peculiarities of the argumentative essays in astronomy, the main tip lies in selecting academic sources that deal with the recent astronomical news for the sake of receiving credible data. The student may choose reputable journals such as BBC News, The New York Times, and Nature or web sites of scientific organizations such as NASA, the American Astronomical Society, or the European Southern Observatory. What is more, the level of complexity in the articles may be high, meaning in both the selected subject and specific terminology. In order to embrace as much information as possible, the student may search for additional data published by scientists such as A Brief History of Time written by Steven Hawking. Such actions will result in a better understanding of the topic while demonstrating your knowledge to the professor. Since the student should provide logical reasoning, you will succeed in the former by describing data in his or her own words. For the sake of presen ting the argument, the student should paraphrase it in one or two sentences and provide a detailed explanation. Topics for Argumentative Essays in Astronomy Although astronomy seems to be complicated if the subject of the research concerns modern inventions and progress such as the launches of Space X spacecrafts, or simple if the investigations address well-known facts such as synchronous rotation of the Moon, there are several themes that are investigated on a regular basis. Therefore, such research always add recent information and attract the attention of scientific organizations. The First Image of the Black Hole; The Death of the Universe: Big Rip, Big Crunch, and Big Freeze; What is a Pulsar? What Is the Difference between a Pulsar and a Star? The Hubble, VLT, and FAST Telescopes; The Landing of Insight on Mars; Space X Launches of the Dragon Spacecraft. However, astronomy may also include some entertaining subject areas, for instance, theoretical reflections on the fascinating subjects: What if the Earth Stopped Rotating? The Giant Impact Hypothesis; Colonization of Asteroids; The Panspermia Theory. For example, if you choose the first topic Nature of the Black Holes, read the articles posted on the official NASA web site. First of all, you may introduce the subject starting with the main characteristics of a black hole. Secondly, you can choose the recent news about the first picture of the black hole and provide the facts such as a telescope, which was used to conduct investigation, the matter that was absorbed by the hole, information about the event horizon, and the processing of the image. The student should add precise information since the essay is argumentative. Speaking about the topic that considers Mars observations, the recent news provides the audience with data about marsquakes. You may use the web site Science Daily in order to extract detailed information about the above-mentioned phenomena. Moreover, the author compares earthquakes and marsquakes, which fills the article with sound argumentation and supporting facts. If the student chooses the topic about the Moon formation, he or she may consider the giant-impact theory that is described by the NASA scientists and the web site Space.com. In order to learn more about astronomy and make writing easier in the future, the student may read about the most frequently used recent terms such as EHT (Event Horizon Telescope), gravitational lens, marsquake, SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure), and heat probe. Prewriting Tips Even if you have an interesting topic, the students may often face such an obstacle as how to start writing the essay. First of all, in order to write a sound argumentative essay, you should decide which point of view you prefer to support. Confident position results in structured, sequential, and knowledgeable paper that demonstrates meticulous work. Moreover, professors appreciate it when students express their opinion while reinforcing it with scientific evidence. Conduct considerable investigation that involves contrary perspectives to be able to introduce persuasive facts for the supported point of view, along with the main points stated in the opposite opinion. The student should thoroughly read the articles and restate the main ideas in a subsequent manner. The third tip lies in gathering information about the topic from credible sources. What is more, the student should look through more than one scientific article as it will assist in choosing sound facts and broaden the com prehension of the subject. Sometimes, the person may face difficulties while reading and processing an immense amount of information. Therefore, some points may seem overly complicated, and the person starts to feel anxious. In order to avoid tension if you are not strong in the topic, choose an easier one. Furthermore, while reviewing the same text more than once, the student increases his or her understanding as it may be troublesome to notice every detail at the first attempt. If you have already chosen the standpoint in which you are convinced, but the ideas and words do not appear in your mind, you may start with making a list of the key points you need to cover in your essay. Writing the thoughts on the paper helps to concentrate and structure the arguments you want to mention. While looking at your written ideas, you can build the sequence in which your essay will provide the most reasonable objectives. For example, while writing about the marsquakes, the student may use the following list: Why detecting marsquakes is important to scientists? How does a marsquake differ from an earthquake? Which robot detected the first marsquake? Title/Thesis Statement/Body Paragraphs Since the title influences the decision of the reader whether he or she wants to read the essay or skip it, the student should pay a lot of attention to this issue. An outstanding title for an essay catches attention while summarizing the main subject of the paper. Moreover, it should be distinct from the plenty of other titles among which the reader would search for the fascinating one. The title should be brief but solid while transferring the sense of the essay. Right: ‘The First Image of the Black Hole’ Wrong: ‘Scientist Presented the First Image of the Black Hole’ A thesis statement is the crucial part of the essay as it summarizes its main points. While defining the primary aim of the paper, the thesis describes the topic concisely and generalizes its central issues. First of all, you should remember that the position of the statement is important as well. While reading the essay, the audience focuses on the introduction as it defines the topic of the research. Therefore, you should explain your purposes and arguments in the preface. The best position for a considerable thesis statement is the last sentence of the introduction. Therefore, the reader will get a general notion of the topic and its details and decide whether he or she is interested in the essay. You may structure the statement using the following words: although, therefore, because, and. Another advice for writing an outstanding thesis consists in combining two main points of the paper in one sentence. Right: ‘Therefore, the first picture of the black hole confirmed Einstein’s theory about the shadow cast by the abyss and well-known â€Å"event horizon† that encircled the hole.’ Wrong: ‘The Black Hole picture presented the â€Å"event horizon† – the circle of fire around the hole.’ In order to write consistent and argumentative body paragraphs, the argumentative essay should include a minimum of two arguments stated in the main body. The best way to write reasonable and detailed essay is to describe every argument in a separate paragraph. Such structure simplifies reading, and the audience will obtain a better understanding of the subject. Moreover, the paragraphs in the main body should be logically related to the thesis statement in the introduction. For example, the first paragraph of the body concerning the black hole should provide information about the shadow. The student may also briefly state the core idea of Einstein’s theory to support the evidence. The second paragraph should contain information about the â€Å"event horizon† – its form, matter, and interaction with the light. While indicating some numbers, such as the speed of light, the student makes the essay look more solid. One more advice lies in starting the paragraphs wit h the short summarized argument that is represented and uncovered in the main body. For example, the first paragraph of the body about the black hole may start the following way: ‘The shadow of the black hole was predicted by Albert Einstein in his famous theory of relativity.’ Outline The outline is the short plan of the essay where the student demonstrates the basis of his work. Such a scheme comprises the following parts: I. Introduction. In order to write a persuasive introduction, meaning the one which impresses the reader and catches his or her attention, you should explore the most fascinating matters in the topic. The reader will be interested in your investigation if you provide the reason that is essential and engaging enough to attract him or her to the topic of your essay. What is more, you should describe how your essay will assist in searching for the solution of the problem. The reader wants to know if the paper he or she considers provides needed information. For instance, if you are writing about the first image of the black hole, you may explain why this natural phenomenon interests scientists. After that, you may introduce the importance of the research and efforts of the scientific community as the reader should understand the significance of such an achievement as the picture of the black hole). II. Main body. You should start every new paragraph with the topic sentence that introduces the evidence or fact, which you want to develop in the particular passage. First argument (The shadow of the black hole was predicted by Albert Einstein in his famous theory of relativity). Further development of the topic. III. Main body. Second argument (The ring of light around the shadow is composed of fire, the matter that surrounds the black hole, and serves as a proof for space-time contortion). Further development of the topic. For example, you may refute the assertion that the image depicts the black hole itself, and add that in order to be more precise, the person should say that it is the image of the black hole’s shadow. VI. Conclusion (restate the thesis statement and core arguments). Post-writing Tips After the most fundamental part of the work had been finished, the student should always proofread the paper. Sometimes, he or she may gain inspiration and write the essay in one breath. However, you cannot control consistency, correctness, and relevance of the sentences perfectly all the time. Everybody makes mistakes, and you may reduce the number of errors by analyzing and proofreading your paper. Therefore, while scrutinizing the essay, the student would correct some inconsistencies and enhance the quality of the paper. The person should check the relevance of the information and its accuracy. The best way to review the essay lies in analyzing if it makes sense for the person who reads the paper for the first time. For example, in topics on astronomy, unfamiliar terminology may seem complicated to the reader. Therefore, the student should explain some notions in his or her own words or paraphrase definitions from the articles. Considering referencing, the student should know the format of the paper, for example, MLA, and read information about updates in formatting. However, the process may be time-consuming, especially if he or she writes about astronomy. Since the number of sources may be enormous, and the formatting differs for books, journals, and videos, the student may use such sites as BibMe.com or CiteThisForMe.com. He or she should remember that citations must be listed in the alphabetical order. In conclusion, the student should check the linkage between all the parts of the essay. Since the mistakes have been corrected, and the references have been written on the last page, the student may reread the essay after a short break. Such a pause will assist in refreshing the focus and reviewing the paper from a different perspective. â€Æ' References Castelvecchi, D. (2019). Black Hole Pictured for First Time - in Spectacular Detail. Nature. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01155-0. NASAs InSight Detects First Likely Quake on Mars. (2019). Science Daily. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190424095148.htm. National Science Foundation Announces New Diamond Achievement Award. (2019). National Science Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=298500org=NSFfrom=news. Redd, N. (2017). How Was the Moon Formed. Space.com. Retrieved from https://www.space.com/19275-moon-formation.html. Smith, H. (2018). What Is a Black Hole? NASA. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-k4.html. Soderman. (n.d.). NASA Scientist Jen Heldmann Describes How the Earth’s Moon Was Formed. NASA. Retrieved from https://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/nasa-scientist-jen-heldmann-describes-how-the-earths-moon-was-formed/. Witze, A. (2019). First ‘Marsquake’ Detected on Red Planet. Nature. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01330-3.

The Distance Between Two Leagues

The Distance Between Two Leagues The Distance Between Two Leagues The Distance Between Two Leagues By Mark Nichol What does league, meaning â€Å"alliance,† have to do with league, meaning â€Å"a few miles†? An attempt to find kinship between these words by positing the notion of linking several similar entities or units is futile: The identical formation of the words is coincidental. The first sense of league stems from the Latin verb ligare, meaning â€Å"bind† and the basis of ligament, meaning â€Å"band† or â€Å"bond,† and ligature, which means, among other things, â€Å"something that binds or connects.† League originally referred to a confederacy of geopolitical units (such as the Achaean League of classical Greece and the Hanseatic League, an economic alliance established in the early Middle Ages, as well as the League of Nations of the early twentieth century) but later came to apply as well to political associations and athletic organizations. People or organizations that conspire are said to be in league with each other, and when someone outclasses someone else in terms of some characteristic, the first person is said to be out of the other person’s league, while â€Å"in a league of (one’s) own† means â€Å"superior skill or status.† By contrast, â€Å"in the same league† means â€Å"of comparative skill or status.† On a related note, the expression â€Å"Ivy League,† from the name of the collegiate athletic league populated by eight of the nation’s most prestigious universities, by extension denotes the schools themselves as well as high social and cultural status and elitism. (The reference to ivy pertains to the walls of venerable school buildings being covered in ivy over the years.) League is also a verb meaning â€Å"unite,† but the verb beleaguer, meaning â€Å"besiege,† is unrelated. Idioms pertaining to the â€Å"confederation† sense of league include â€Å"major league,† originating in the term for the highest level of professional baseball but by extension alluding to significant actors or entities in a realm of human endeavor (â€Å"in the big leagues† has the same sense); â€Å"minor league,† denoting something of inferior status (from the lower caliber of play in baseball’s minor leagues); and â€Å"bush league,† which, based on the slang term for semiprofessional baseball (from the expression â€Å"the bush,† referring to a rural area) suggests petty, unprofessional behavior. (The last term was not always pejorative, however.) The sense of league of a measure of distance derives from the Latin noun leuga and is primarily understood to refer to a distance of three miles, though it has applied to measures ranging from about two and a half to approximately four and a half miles. (It can also apply to a square measuring about three miles on a side.) A league, thought to originate as the distance traveled on foot in one hour, it is no longer an official distance. The French term banlieue, meaning â€Å"suburb† but increasingly connoting low-income housing projects (though banlieues diverge widely in economic status), is a geopolitical term, but it is distantly related to the latter sense of league: It is a compound ultimately derived from the Germanic terms ban, meaning â€Å"proclamation,† and leuca, meaning â€Å"league,† with the connotation of â€Å"area outside the city but within its legal jurisdiction.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row50 Synonyms for "Song"

Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Plato - Essay Example ?The Allegory of the Cave† is taken from â€Å"The Republic† where he deftly handles the lack of knowledge of human beings and he elicits his answer from the mouth of Socrates his mentor. In this particular piece of writing, Plato cuts a clear distinction between knowledge of reality and shadows of illusion (ignorance) To portray this fact he takes the example of a cave in which human beings are chained to a wall with only a tiny light that casts shadowy images which some of the inhabitants take for reality. Those who are freed from the cave have a true knowledge of reality. Plato’s masterly use of imagery of light to depict knowledge and darkness to depict ignorance gives his essay the excellence it deserves, making it one of the most memorable ones. In his explanation of â€Å"absolute knowledge† and the way it affects the â€Å"shadows of images of justice†, he gives us another example of a person who is asked to look straight at the light. In doing so, the person is dazzled and feels pain and hence is unable to see the reality for what it is. But if his eyes get accustomed to the light, his vision would be clearer and he is moves on from seeing the shadowy images, to seeing the real objects. Finally he is able to gaze upon the sun in all its brightness and judge himself rightly. He would then be in a position to look back on his fellow prisoners who still live in the shadows of images and feel pity for them. This is what Plato means by â€Å"absolute justice†. According to Plato, it is better to suffer anything, than to live a miserable life filled with false notions and ideas. If a person lives a life in the shadows of ignorance, he would never learn the realities in life. But on the other hand, if his vision is not blocked or marred by the shadows of images, his vision would be so clear and he would be able to lead others out of their ignorance. In other words, if a person attains this beatific vision, he is unable to draw himself down to a lower level of

Bergquists four cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bergquists four cultures - Essay Example Delaune and Ladner (2006) in their book on Fundamentals of Nursing defined culture as â€Å"knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, habits, customs, languages, symbols, rituals, ceremonies, and practices that are unique to a particular group of people† (p. 388). Simple folks ordinarily know culture as a way of life. Aretz (2007), in his article Managing Change in Health Professions Education -Experiences from the Trenches explored two definitions of culture as: â€Å"â€Å"the deeply embedded patterns of organizational behavior and the shared values, assumptions, beliefs, or ideologies that members have about their organizations or its work† (Petersen and Spencer) and culture is â€Å"Obedience to the Unenforceable†; â€Å"It is a realm in which not law, not caprice, but virtues such as duty, fairness, judgment, †¦ hold sway. In a word, it †¦ covers all cases of right doing where there is no one to make you do it but yourself.† (John Fletcher Moulton) (p. 22). In an academic research written by William H. Bergquist, an international consultant and professor in the fields of organizational psychology and management, he identified four cultures in higher education which are interrelated and have profound effects to an organization, to wit: collegial, managerial, developmental and negotiating. Walter (2007) distinguished between collegial and developmental as: â€Å"the collegial culture is one in which individuals find meaning primarily through their discplines and through the original research that helps to further knowledge in that discipline. The developmental culture, by contrast, is one in which individuals find meaning primarily through their participation in teaching, learning, and professional development activities† (pp. 11-12) Collegial culture emphasize the value of scholarship, governance, rationality and decision making as opposed to personal and professional growth as the focus of developmental