Patient verification Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tolerant confirmation - Research Paper Example On the other hand, the patient can genuinely introduce a report of distinguishing proof like a driver’s permit or government managed savings card. These qualifications or reports find a put away biometric format typically connected to it from a past enlistment. After arrangement of the accreditation or archive, the patient outputs their biometric. The caught layout gets thought about against the put away format which has been situated with the archives. After this, what follows is the affirmation or disavowal of the patient’s asserted character by the biometric filter which gets bolstered by verbal affirmation to a recognizable proof name. The fundamental region where understanding misidentification may happen is during blood transfusions, careful mediations and medication organization. Tolerant check happens when a medicinal services specialist can affirm that the character archives given by the patient match those on the patient’s personality reports. Measureme nts Recent insights show that there have been 40% instances of patient misidentification. In the whole human services industry, absence of appropriate patient confirmation brings about an inappropriate individual methodology, release of newborn children to an inappropriate families, prescription blunders, testing mistakes and furthermore blood transfusion mistakes. As indicated by the United States Patient Safety Agency, there were in excess of 100 instances of patient misidentification somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2003. ... This can be credited to new advancements like bar coding that have improved the procedure of patient confirmation. Such mediations have end up being very savvy in the human services industry. Suggestions Since persistent misidentification has been noted to be the reason for some root mistakes, different measures have been taken to control the issue. The Joint Commission of the United States made improvement of patient distinguishing proof precision its concentration in the National Patient Safety Goals presented in 2003 (Marie, 2009). This despite everything keeps on being a necessity for accreditation. The National Priorities Partnership and National database of nursing quality pointers show that tolerant misidentification acts like one of the most genuine dangers to the security of patients. It cuts over the whole human services practice and, consequently, is an issue of significant concern. The ramifications of patient misidentification is that a great many individuals get harmed by the wellbeing framework the look for help. This builds the requirement for constraining working hours for social insurance individuals whereby an expanded number of laborers care for every patient (WHO, 2007). The National Patient Safety Agency chose to consolidate the NHS number so as to decrease and conceivably alleviate the dangers of patient misidentification. Improving quality There are different ways that upgrade quality concerning tolerant confirmation. This can complete by guaranteeing that all parts of the administration of patient confirmation conform to the current suggestions from the National Safety Agency. There must be clear methodology and measures for medicinal services laborers associated with understanding check (Medscape, 2013). These guidelines give a structure to the necessary hard working attitudes and, in this manner, relieve the danger of

Ethical Issues on Accounting Essay

Society is made out of numerous establishments that have different reason and position. These establishments may at some point have repudiating objectives. Cash is something individuals buckle down for making it such a touchy issue. Questions with respect to cash are frequently entrapped in substantial debates and are difficult to settle. The bookkeeping is the field that represents considerable authority in the activity of dealing with different people’s cash issues. Amusingly, the bookkeeping business has been shelled by discussions with respect to how they carry out their responsibility and how they settle debates if there are any. Rehearsing bookkeepers subsequently built up a picture of being either carefully proficient or, even from a pessimistic standpoint, unscrupulous. Tragically for the bookkeeping field, it is considered by numerous that ethical guidelines of this field are falling apart. This is the place morals become possibly the most important factor. It is extremely tricky to gauge issues without a lot of shows to direct them in the dynamic. Morals came structure the Latin â€Å"ethos†, that implies character and customs. Morals essentially manages how individuals associate with one another. Morals additionally sets what is fortunate or unfortunate, set in stone yet certainly a lot more extensive than the basic ideas of the rightness or misleading quality of things (Cornwell University Law School). On the scholarly terms, morals relates to not simply close to home sentiments, religion, laws. Sentiments more often than not drives us to do deceptive acts. Being strict too doesn’t fundamentally imply that one is being moral. Obviously, religion sets exceptionally high moral measures. In any case, not all individuals are strict, non-strict individuals additionally have their own moral norms. Additionally, being moral doesn’t essentially mean submitting to the law. The vast majority see the law as having indistinguishable grounds from morals. Laws are defined to satisfy moral guidelines. Yet, similar to emotions, the law can have certain predispositions, accordingly can be some of the time can be seen as deceptive. Since morals is fundamentally right or wrong, it ends up being a significant apparatus such risky fields, for example, bookkeeping. Codes of expert direct Many fields of calling plan an exceptionally evolved point by point set of codes to control them in their training. They have apportioned a lot of their time and assets just to think of these codes. These arrangement of codes are all the more generally viewed as â€Å"professional codes. † For the situation of bookkeeping, The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants or AICPA has Codes of Professional Conduct which fills in as moral reference. A lot of these codes were later converged with the open law. The converging of the codes to the law gave it substantially more enforceability. Putting aside the specialized instruction, bookkeeping students were likewise given morals courses before they lead practice in the field. They may have talked about essential moral. They may have been provided a talk of the codes of expert lead. The for the most part acknowledged arrangement of codes for bookkeeping is provided by the AICPA. One of the essential elements of the AICPA is simply the significant job in the guideline of rehearsing bookkeepers. Dominant part of the AICPA’s assets is committed to building up the â€Å"professional codes† for CPA specialists. Beside the codes of expert lead, there is additionally GAAP or the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Much the same as the codes of expert direct, the GAAP fills in as an update that bookkeeping professionals should remember that they need to follow certain ethical rules. It additionally incorporates rules and the concurred sanctions if these standards were disregarded. The Codes of Professional Conduct and GAAP both remind bookkeeping experts that they should do their capacity dependably. Fundamentally, both these arrangements of good codes expresses that bookkeepers ought not submit fakes regardless of whether the enticement of individual increase is pervasive. The codes and standards likewise remind them not to damage the set guidelines for it could mean substantial authorizations like revoking of licenses. The utilization of expert codes is one approach to determine moral weakening in the bookkeeping calling. Then again, it very well may be seen as narrow minded with respect to bookkeepers as it just notices to their individualistic objectives. Additionally, having a lot of moral codes awards bookkeepers a picture of dependability and skill. Bookkeeping is a field that has a popularity by the general population. The general population, with all their cash, needs bookkeeping administrations so they could invest their valuable energy winning more cash as opposed to the overwhelming errand of arranging it. Bookkeeping, the same number of sees, is a specialized field, so bookkeepers commit themselves to the mind boggling specialized parts of the field forgetting about on virtues. Bookkeeper themselves consider themselves to be experts that doesn’t require moral codes to direct practice. Bookkeepers build up a mentality which can be comprehensively portrayed as absence of joining moral judgment on their work. Specialists coin this as â€Å"ethical disharmony. † Ethical cacophony in bookkeeping relates to the mentality of bookkeepers to regard their picked field as totally ethically impartial. As the word recommends, moral discord is extremely inclined to clashes. Bookkeepers enduring moral discord have an alternate arrangement of good codes, or even from a pessimistic standpoint without any, so clashes with different foundations will be exceptionally difficult to determine. The base of this issue is detectable to different issues such as â€Å"self-regulation† rehearsed by the bookkeeping field. Self-guideline Self-guideline of the bookkeeping field essentially implies that the bookkeeping field itself makes their own arrangement of codes instead of removing it from the general public. Self-guideline can be something acceptable as it can give the field of bookkeeping more spotlight on their field. Self-guideline picked up ubiquity as it is viewed as â€Å"effective control† and the most proficient instrument for limiting blunders. Bookkeepers get a few benefits that different individuals from the general public don’t have. This incorporates the selective option to figure out who can accomplish the bookkeeping work and how it ought to be finished. These extraordinary benefits are allowed to them by the state. In any case, their procured â€Å"autonomy† doesn’t come free. As a demonstration of kindness, the bookkeeping calling currently troubles having uncommon open interests obligations that they should keep high fitness and high moral gauges (Gaa, 1994). When the guidelines are settled upon, it is formalized by law or by associations of a similar field. The associations screen and punish its individuals on the off chance that they stand or abuse the concurred guidelines. In the event that infringement are accounted for, examinations are finished by the legislature or the association, where the violator is a part. Additionally self-guideline permits bookkeepers have more concentration as they wouldn’t invest energy and exertion creating proficient codes. Self-guideline can impel clashes in light of the fact that at long last it should change in accordance with what the open needs. For some bookkeeping specialists, self guideline in bookkeeping can't work appropriately. Whenever removed a redundant importance, they are just directing themselves of what they ought to do and those that they can't abuse. The general population and the bookkeeping field is both separated in this issue. A few people will in general go with the choice to leave their money related issues to their bookkeepers (Gowthorpe and Blake, 1998, pp. 1-3). They wouldn’t question anyway the bookkeepers will carry out the responsibility. In this regard, they remember it that the bookkeepers are the masters in this field. Thus they don’t trouble in interfering (or contending) with their bookkeepers. The hazy area of this point is that it is exceptionally inclined to misbehavior, planned or unintended, that can prompt moral clashes between the general population and the bookkeeping field. Since the ethical code is self-managed, what might be correct or wrong for the bookkeepers might be negating to those of general society. Notwithstanding, if the state gave the bookkeeping business self-sufficiency, it implies they are given more weight than different establishments. In this sense it is very dishonest for the state have certain predispositions. Besides if the bookkeeping business is given this independence, consequently they ought to give the open quality and fair help with high respects to moral measures and capability. Moral passes in bookkeeping I have gained instances of morals in real life in the bookkeeping field. I won't name the specific organizations required as it is deceptive. Maybe probably the greatest affirmation of moral unfortunate behavior in bookkeeping was finished by an insurance agency by trading protection advantages for misleadingly increment their development. This is a case of a â€Å"end legitimize the methods. † The insurance agency had just idea of its own great not disapproving of how their activity influences others. With their falsely stuffed system net, financial specialists are attracted to hazard their cash on an organization that has not proceeded as the unconsciously misdirected investigators state. (Flanagan, 2007, pp 38-46) Another moral slip by in bookkeeping is segregation. Some insurance agencies have sex, racial, and age related inclinations before they sell their administration. This demonstration of segregation is exceptionally dishonest in light of the fact that it repudiates the obligation of bookkeepers to the general population. Investigates discovered that sex appears to greatly affect dealings (Flanagan, 2007, pp. 60-64). (a) Women appear to be more prominent in number as far as money related questions. During exchanges, ladies favor being seen as sensible. Men are blessed to receive have increasingly financial direction so they can expand monetary salary. Ladies are blessed to receive have heaps of self-question about their budgetary capacities so they would need to settle with littler money related repayments. A few organizations see this as hazard to their monetary increase so they deceptively dismiss littler repayments. Ladies are purportedly to have lesser triumphs

Assigments And Case Study Example

Assigments And Case Study Example Assigments And Case Study â€" Coursework Example > Questions and Case Study Homework IIChapter 9-14 Central Michigan UniversityChapter 9 Q1. What are chief reasons union members reject tentative agreements? There are many reasons why union members reject tentative agreements. The first and foremost is that they feel that these agreements do not fulfill their needs and requirements that they want accomplished at the workplace. In addition is the members concern of the economy. Economic activity usually plummets due to rejection percentages. Another reason is the outcome of internal union politics. There are times when a small amount of majorities participate in the election of union leaders. In return the opposing candidate will campaign in opposition to any labor agreement that the serving leader bargained. Another reason why the union members might not agree with the tentative agreements is because of the wage and compensation factors because they might believe that the external equity of the company is lower and they are paid le ss than what their friends are paid employed at the same position in some another organization. Chapter 10 Q3. Why does a typical grievance procedure have so many steps when the employee is either right or wrong and one- or two-steps procedure would save time and money? In your answer discuss the various functions, opportunities, and problems each of the grievance steps can offer. The last phase of labor relations is contract administration which involves application and enforcement of labor contract in the workplace. Dispute occasionally arises between labor and management over such issues as who should be promoted or whether an employee has abused sick leave privileges. The mechanism preferred by most union and management to settle disputes is the grievance procedure which is a systematic step-by-step procedure designed to settle disputes regarding the interpretation of labor contract. Although employees may attempt to settle their grievance through such alternatives as an open- door policy or a meeting with employee relations representative in HR department and even the managers like to solve the problem as quick as possible; because it will save time and money (i. e. management feels uneasy to follow through with back pay to an employee who might remain unemployed until every issue has been determined) but grievance procedures under union contracts have two significant advantages for employees that no other human resource management provide can provide: The grievance procedure provides the employee with an advocate dedicated to representing the employee’s case to management. This representative is called union steward. Under any other system used to handle grievances, the employee is represented by someone who is either a manager or an agent of management. Such people obviously cannot be entirely dedicated to the employee’s position, The last step in the grievance procedure is arbitration, a quasi-judicial process that is binding on both parties. Th e arbitrator is a neutral person selected from outside the firm and compensated by both the union and management. Unlike grievance panel which are composed of people on the company payroll, the arbitrator has no personal stake in the outcome and can make a tough decision without worrying about how it will affect his or her career.

Language Is A Method Of Human Communication - 1350 Words

Language is a method of human communication, one of the most important things all humans have in common. In Dillon’s Grammar Repair textbook, she mentions that language is power and those who can exercise its power â€Å"possess a greater share of life’s privileges across the board† (1). Language greatly defines the person and how they are deceived by others. In the essays â€Å"Mother Tongue,† â€Å"The Meanings of a Word,† and â€Å"But What Do You Mean?† language is depicted as a controller of our lives in the workplace and our community. The individual’s communication methods dominated their impressions on society. In Tan’s essay, â€Å"Mother Tongue,† she explains her use of mother tongue, not only as the language her mother speaks but the language she grew up with and still uses even with her husband. Amy writes how her mother’s limited English has not only limited her mother but the way the world sees and j udges her. In her essay she states that she has described her mother’s language as â€Å"‘broken’ or ‘fractured English† (Tan 264). Labeling one’s English as broken can often label the speaker as incoherent and uneducated. Just like Tan’s mother, many who speak an imperfect language are often overlooked and ignored in our society. Language, although its purpose is to unite us, can very much as well as be used to alienate an individual. It is key to establish and define our identity and our place in the world but if we are constantly excluding people with limited English skills than we areShow MoreRelatedLanguage Is The Method Of Human Communication1008 Words   |  5 Pages There is always confusion on whether culture and language go hand in hand. Culture is something that is brought through years of tradition and it is something that we are born with. We are born with doing things a certain way because of our culture . 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The way I would email my professor is probably the exact opposite of how I wouldRead MoreLanguage Is The Method Of Human Communication Essay1935 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Oxford English dictionary, the definition of language is - the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. It is just an abstract system of symbols and meanings, with a set of rules known as gram mars. It is an important tool that distinguishes between man and animal†¦.But, is it really just a tool for communication? Our first language, the beautiful sounds of which one hears and gets familiar with beforeRead MoreEvolution Of Gesture And Vocal Communication1538 Words   |  7 PagesGesture and Vocal Communication in Primates Introduction Apes are the model organisms in the field of animal communication and neuro-scientific studies. Apes DNA is about 98.6% similar to humans possessing cognitive, emotional and psychological characteristic which closely resemble humans. Not long ago scientists started studying primates because of these characteristics and most of the work is in the field of cognitive and behavioral neuroscience. Phylogenetically, primates and human fall under theRead MoreCognitive Process Associated with Language Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Processes Associated With Language Gwendolyn Spillman, University of Phoenix Cognitive Psychology PSYCH/640 Gaston Weisz March 21, 2014 Cognitive Processes Associated With Language Language is a cognitive function that most humans take for granted. The basic means of communication among individuals is through language. Language allows people to communicate with each other, share his or her thoughts and feelings, share ideas and concepts, fears, and affirmations. 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It has also changed the ways in which we think and use language, both for the better and for the worse. On one hand, certain free-associative skills have been sharpened. Hyper-linking on the web allowsRead MoreThe Scientific Method Of Experimental Testing1425 Words   |  6 PagesAnswer #1 Scientific Method The scientific method can be defined as a technique for research where the problem is known, appropriate data is gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from the data, and the hypothesis is tested firsthand. Gauch (2003) defines the scientific method as a highly variable and creative process and states that it is often misrepresented as a fixed sequence of steps although the scientific method of research has four steps. The first step is the observation, which serves asRead MoreCommunication Is The Basic Of Human Existence1163 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no doubt that, communication plays a very important role in our daily life, some people consider that it’s the basic of human existence (Nà ©meth, 2015). But what is communication and why it is so important for us? Today I will talk about â€Å"communication† and discuss its importance. Long time ago , ancestors of human beings were living in caves, picked fruits in the trees as food, ate raw meat. And at that time, communication has been a necessary survival skill of them. Just think about thatRead MoreWhat Is The Importance Of Language In The Film Arrival1556 Words   |  7 Pageseveryday lives using language as a means to communicate with others. As individuals communicate, they speak the language but are only taking in what is on the surface. 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How to Prove the Complement Rule in Probability

Several theorems in probability can be deduced from the axioms of probability. These theorems can be applied to calculate probabilities that we may desire to know. One such result is known as the complement rule. This statement allows us to calculate the probability of an event A by knowing the probability of the complement AC. After stating the complement rule, we will see how this result can be proved. The Complement Rule The complement of the event A is denoted by AC. The complement of A is the set of all elements in the universal set, or sample space S, that are not elements of the set A. The complement rule is expressed by the following equation: P(AC) 1 – P(A) Here we see that the probability of an event and the probability of its complement must sum to 1. Proof of the Complement Rule To prove the complement rule, we begin with the axioms of probability. These statements are assumed without proof. We will see that they can be systematically used to prove our statement concerning the probability of the complement of an event. The first axiom of probability is that the probability of any event is a nonnegative real number.The second axiom of probability is that the probability of the entire sample space S is one. Symbolically we write P(S) 1.The third axiom of probability states that If A and B are mutually exclusive ( meaning that they have an empty intersection), then we state the probability of the union of these events as P(A U B ) P(A) P(B). For the complement rule, we will not need to use the first axiom in the list above. To prove our statement we consider the events Aand AC. From set theory, we know that these two sets have empty intersection. This is because an element cannot simultaneously be in both A and not in A. Since there is an empty intersection, these two sets are mutually exclusive. The union of the two events A and AC are also important. These constitute exhaustive events, meaning that the union of these events is all of the sample space S. These facts, combined with the axioms give us the equation 1 P(S) P(A U AC) P(A) P(AC) . The first equality is due to the second probability axiom. The second equality is because the events A and AC are exhaustive. The third equality is because of the third probability axiom. The above equation can be rearranged into the form that we stated above. All that we must do is subtract the probability of A from both sides of the equation. Thus 1 P(A) P(AC) becomes the equation P(AC) 1 – P(A). Of course, we could also express the rule by stating that: P(A) 1 – P(AC). All three of these equations are equivalent ways of saying the same thing. We see from this proof how just two axioms and some set theory go a long way to help us prove new statements concerning probability.

The Risk Factor of Diageo Free Essays

RISK FACTORS Investing in the securities offered using this prospectus involves risk. You should consider carefully the risks described below, together with the risks described in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any risk factors included in the prospectus supplement, before you decide to buy our securities. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could suffer, and the trading price and liquidity of the securities offered using this prospectus could decline, in which case you may lose all or part of your investment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Risk Factor of Diageo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Risks Relating to Diageo’s Business You should read â€Å"Risk Factors† in Diageo’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2008, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus, or similar sections in subsequent filings incorporated by reference in this prospectus, for information on risks relating to Diageo’s business. Risks Relating to Diageo’s Shares Diageo’s shares and American depositary shares may experience volatility which will negatively affect your investment. In recent years most major stock markets have experienced significant price and trading volume fluctuations. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the underlying companies. Accordingly, there could be significant fluctuations in the price of Diageo’s shares and American depositary shares, or ADSs, each representing four ordinary shares, even if Diageo’s operating results meet the expectations of the investment community. In addition, †¢ announcements by Diageo or its competitors relating to operating results, earnings, volume, acquisitions or joint ventures, capital commitments or spending, †¢ changes in financial estimates or investment recommendations by securities analysts, changes in market valuations of other food or beverage companies, †¢ adverse economic performance or recession in the United States or Europe, or †¢ disruptions in trading on major stock markets, could cause the market price of Diageo’s shares and ADSs to fluctuate significantly. Risks Relating to the Debt Securities, W arrants, Purchase Contracts and Units Because Diageo is a holding company and currently conducts its operations through subsidiaries, your right to receive payments on debt securities issued by Diageo or on the guarantees is subordinated to the other liabilities of its subsidiaries. Diageo is organized as a holding company, and substantially all of its operations are carried on through subsidiaries. Diageo plc had guaranteed a total of ? 6,970 million of debt as of June 30, 2008. Diageo’s ability to meet its financial obligations is dependent upon the availability of cash flows from its domestic and foreign subsidiaries and affiliated companies through dividends, intercompany advances, management fees and other payments. Diageo’s subsidiaries are not guarantors of the debt securities we may offer. Moreover, these subsidiaries and affiliated ompanies are not required and may not be able to pay dividends to Diageo. Claims of the creditors of Diageo’s subsidiaries have priority as to the assets of such subsidiaries over the claims of Diageo. Consequently, in the event of insolvency of Diageo, the claims of holders of notes guaranteed or issued by Diageo would be structurally subordinated to the prior claims of the creditors of subsidiaries of D iageo. 2 Table of Contents In addition, some of Diageo’s subsidiaries are subject to laws restricting the amount of dividends they may pay. For example, subsidiaries of Diageo incorporated under the laws of England and Wales may be restricted by law in their ability to declare dividends due to failure to meet requirements tied to net asset levels or distributable profits. Because the debt securities are unsecured, your right to receive payments may be adversely affected. The debt securities that we are offering will be unsecured. The debt securities are not subordinated to any of our other debt obligations and therefore they will rank equally with all our other unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness. As of June 30, 2008, Diageo group had ? 5 million aggregate principal amount of secured indebtedness outstanding. If Diageo Investment, Diageo Capital, Diageo Finance or Diageo default on the debt securities or Diageo defaults on the guarantees, or in the event of bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, then, to the extent that Diageo Investment, Diageo Capital, Diageo Finance or Diageo have granted security over their assets, the assets that secure these debts will be used to satisfy the obligations under that secured debt before Diageo Investment, Diageo Capital, Diageo Finance or Diageo could make payment on the debt securities or the guarantees, respectively. If there is not enough collateral to satisfy the obligations of the secured debt, then the remaining amounts on the secured debt would share equally with all unsubordinated unsecured indebtedness. Your rights as a holder of debt securities may be inferior to the rights of holders of debt securities issued under a different series pursuant to the indenture. The debt securities are governed by documents called indentures, which are described later under â€Å"Description of Debt Securities and Guarantees†. We may issue as many distinct series of debt securities under the indentures as we wish. We may also issue a series of debt securities under the indentures that provides holders with rights superior to the rights already granted or that may be granted in the future to holders of another series. You should read carefully the specific terms of any particular series of debt securities which will be contained in the prospectus supplement relating to such debt securities. Should Diageo, Diageo Capital or Diageo Finance default on its debt securities, or should Diageo default on the guarantees, your right to receive payments on such debt securities or guarantees may be adversely affected by applicable insolvency laws. Diageo plc is incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, Diageo Capital is incorporated under the laws of Scotland and Diageo Finance is incorporated under the laws of The Netherlands. Accordingly, insolvency proceedings with respect to Diageo or Diageo Capital are likely to proceed under, and be governed by, UK insolvency law and insolvency proceedings with respect to Diageo Finance are likely to proceed under, and be governed by, Dutch insolvency law. The procedural and substantive provisions of such insolvency laws are generally more favorable to secured creditors than comparable provisions of United States law. These provisions afford debtors and unsecured creditors only limited protection from the claims of secured creditors and it will generally not be possible for Diageo, Diageo Capital or Diageo Finance or other unsecured creditors to prevent or delay the secured creditors from enforcing their security to repay the debts due to them under the terms that such security was granted. The debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and units lack a developed trading market, and such a market may never develop. Each of Diageo, Diageo Investment, Diageo Capital and Diageo Finance may issue debt securities in different series with different terms in amounts that are to be determined. Debt securities issued by Diageo, Diageo Capital or Diageo Finance may be listed on the New York Stock Exchange or another 3 Table of Contents recognized stock exchange and we expect that debt securities issued by Diageo Investment will not be listed on any stock exchange. However, there can be no assurance that an active trading market will develop for any series of debt securities of Diageo, Diageo Capital or Diageo Finance even if we list the series on a securities exchange. Similarly, there can be no assurance that an active trading market will develop for any warrants issued by Diageo. There can also be no assurance regarding the ability of holders of our debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and units to sell their debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts or units or the price at which such holders may be able to sell their debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts or units. If a trading market were to develop, the debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and units could trade at prices that may be higher or lower than the initial offering price and, in the case of debt securities, this may result in a return that is greater or less than the interest rate on the debt security, in each case depending on many factors, including, among other things, prevailing interest rates, Diageo’s financial results, any decline in Diageo’s credit-worthiness and the market for similar securities. Any underwriters, broker-dealers or agents that participate in the distribution of the debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts or units may make a market in the debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts or units as permitted by applicable laws and regulations but will have no obligation to do so, and any such market-making activities may be discontinued at any time. Therefore, there can be no assurance as to the liquidity of any trading market for the debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts and units or that an active public market for the debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts or units will develop. General Information regarding Foreign Currency Risks This prospectus does not describe all the risks of an investment in debt securities denominated in a currency other than U. S. dollars. You should consult your financial and legal advisors as to any specific risks entailed by an investment in debt securities that are denominated or payable in, or the payment of which is linked to the value of, foreign currency. These debt securities are not appropriate investments for investors who are not sophisticated in foreign currency transactions. The information set forth in this prospectus is directed to prospective purchasers who are United States residents. We disclaim any responsibility to advise prospective purchasers who are residents of countries other than the United States of any matters arising under foreign law that may affect the purchase of or holding of, or receipt of payments on, the debt securities. These persons should consult their own legal and financial advisors concerning these matters. Exchange Rates and Exchange Controls May Affect the Debt Securities’ Value or Return Debt securities Involving Foreign Currencies Are Subject to General Exchange Rate and Exchange Control Risks . An investment in a debt security that is denominated or payable in, or the payment of which is linked to the value of, currencies other than U. S. dollars entails significant risks. These risks include the possibility of significant changes in rates of exchange between the U. S. dollar and the relevant foreign currencies and the possibility of the imposition or modification of exchange controls by either the U. S. or foreign governments. These risks generally depend on economic and political events over which we have no control. Exchange Rates Will Affect Your Investment. In recent years, rates of exchange between U. S. dollars and some foreign currencies have been highly volatile and this volatility may continue in the future. Fluctuations in any particular exchange rate that have occurred in the past are not necessarily indicative, however, of fluctuations that may occur during the term of any debt security. Depreciation against the U. S. dollar of the currency in which a debt security is payable would result in a decrease in the effective yield of the debt security below its coupon rate and could result in an overall loss to you on a U. S. dollar basis. In addition, depending on the specific terms of a currency-linked debt security, 4 Table of Contents changes in exchange rates relating to any of the relevant currencies could result in a decrease in its effective yield and in your loss of all or a substantial portion of the value of that debt security. We Have No Control Over Exchange Rates. Foreign exchange rates can either float or be fixed by sovereign governments. Exchange rates of most economically developed nations are permitted to fluctuate in value relative to the U. S. dollar and to each other. However, from time to time governments may use a variety of techniques, such as intervention by a country’s central bank or the imposition of regulatory controls or taxes, to influence the exchange rates of their currencies. Governments may also issue a new currency to replace an existing currency or alter the exchange rate or relative exchange characteristics by a devaluation or revaluation of a currency. These governmental actions could change or interfere with currency valuations and currency fluctuations that would otherwise occur in response o economic forces, as well as in response to the movement of currencies across borders. As a consequence, these government actions could adversely affect the U. S. dollar-equivalent yields or payouts for (a) debt securities denominated or payable in currencies other than U. S. dollars and (b) currency-linked debt securities. We will not make any adjustment or change in the terms of the debt securities in the event that exchange rates should become fixed, or in the event of any devaluation or revaluation or imposition of exchange or other regulatory controls or taxes, or in the event of other developments affecting the U. S. dollar or any applicable foreign currency. You will bear those risks. Some Foreign Currencies May Become Unavailable. Governments have imposed from time to time, and may in the future impose, exchange controls that could also affect the availability of a specified foreign currency. Even if there are no actual exchange controls, it is possible that the applicable currency for any debt security not denominated in U. S. dollars would not be available when payments on that debt security are due. Alternative Payment Method Used if Payment Currency Becomes Unavailable. If a payment currency is unavailable, we would make required payments in U. S. dollars on the basis of the market exchange rate. However, if the applicable currency for any debt security is not available because the euro has been substituted for that currency, we would make the payments in euro. The mechanisms for making payments in these alternative currencies are explained in â€Å"Description of Debt Securities and Guarantees—Additional Mechanics—Unavailability of Foreign Currency† below. We Will Provide Currency Exchange Information in Prospectus Supplements. The applicable prospectus supplement will include information regarding current applicable exchange controls, if any, and historic exchange rate information for any debt security denominated or payable in a foreign currency or requiring payments that are related to the value of a foreign currency. That information will be furnished only for information purposes. You should not assume that any historic information concerning currency exchange rates will be representative of the range of or trends in fluctuations in currency exchange rates that may occur in the future. Currency Conversions May Affect Payments on Some Debt securities The applicable prospectus supplement may provide for (1) payments on a non-U. S. dollar denominated debt security to be made in U. S. dollars or (2) payments on a U. S. dollar denominated debt security to be made in a currency other than U. S. dollars. In these cases, The Bank of New York Mellon, in its capacity as exchange rate agent, or a different exchange rate agent identified in the prospectus supplement, will convert the currencies. You will bear the costs of conversion through deductions from those payments. 5 How to cite The Risk Factor of Diageo, Papers

Strategic Information System Australian Accounting Association Board

Question: Discuss about the case study Strategic Information System for Australian Accounting Association Board. Answer: Introduction: In the growth or the development of the country, the suitable accounting system plays an important role. The introduction of the Accounting software or packagesis consideredas the successful experiment for the existing accounting system in Australia. In the year 1983, the company In Suit launches the Accounting Software which was helpful in managing the accounts in the computerizedmanner.Xero,MYOB, Cash book complete, Reckon,Saasuand Intuit Quick Books are considered as some of the major accounting systems after the introduction of the new software (AdvisoryHQ Team, 2016). The aim of all these accounting system is to manage andmaintainthe accounts appropriately, so that the most suitable or the required outputcan beobtained easily. The different softwares have their different initiating process. The applications developed for the accounting system helps in providing the suitableassistanceto the accountant in the professionalmanner (Business Management Finance High School, 2014). Development and Adoption The Australian Accounting Association Board (AASB) is responsible for making the suitable accounting system for the development and growth of the country. The specific standards are prepared by the Board to manage the economy of the country and by this system; the existing management related to the accounting system also gets strengthened. Before adopting the software related to the accounting system, there are various aspects introduced in the country. The famous author Eamon Ryan also defined the past, present and future aspects of accounting system in his journal named as the Journal of Global Accounting Alliance GAA. According to Ryan, the bookkeeping software and database management software are also defined for managing the accounts. But, all of them fail in providing the suitable feedback to the organization (Muller, 2015). Every application possesses some drawbacksdueto which the execution and the maintenance of the proper accounting system could not become possible. After th is, the mobile technology related to the accounting system was introduced, through which the easy handling of the accountscan bepossible. But the mobile applications are only helpful in managing the smaller sized organizations. The medium-sized and the larger sized organization possesses the big database, so to keep up that data, the system based accounting software or packagesare introducedwhich are helpful in providing the complete assistance related to the accounting system. Most of the softwaresare basedon the cloud computing system and some of them also preferSAAS. The accounting software or the accounting packagesare designedto manage the accounts related aspects in the organization in awell definedway. The organizations in Australia are continuously switching towards the accounting package to make their work more correct and rapid. To develop an existing accounting system in the country, various rules and policiesare defined by theAustralian securities and the investment commissions (ASICS). The commission helps in providing the suitable approval to the standards managed by the organization. These laws are also helpful in providing help to the customers, employees, stakeholders and the investors (Ryan, 2012). According to the article defined in theBusinesswisewebsite,the suitable comparison between theXero,MYOBandQuickbooksonlineis identified. By this, the most appropriate pricing of the cloud computingcan beidentified. The suitable pricing system will be helpful in making the developmental aspects of the accounting system easier. Current Market Size and Market Leaders The current market size of the country (i.e. Australia) is very wide and financial turnover of the country is also very high. There are various types of business which are contributing in the financial aspects of the country. To manage the aspects and the database of the organization, it is essential to propose such software which can able to offer the suitable help to the organization, and which can help to manage the accounts easily. Currently, the Australian market expands in size, due to which the industryis definedin the mature phase of the life cycle. Due to the increase in business aspects and its expansion, it is essential to introduce such system by which the account management in the countrycan bepossible. By various researches and the market research, itis definedthat there are nearly 3000 small, medium andlarge sizedbusiness executing in Australia,in whichmaximumnumber of employeesare engaged. The different type of studies defines that it is essential to introduce such ac counting system by which the rapid growth of the organization may become possible. According to the article defined in theItwire business paperwhich is written byPeter Dinham, the specific identification of the market leaders in the accounting software are defined. According to the author, now Xero accounting software is considered as the most promising software which is helpful in providing the suitable assistance to the accounting system in Australia. Various organizations are adopting the policies of Xero to manage the accounting system. In comparison to MYOB and QuickBooks online, theorganization is adapting the cloud system defined by the Xero. Xero is the Australian based accounting software system with its headquarters situated in New Zealand (Dinham, 2016). Xero was founded in the year 2006 by Rod Drury and his personal accountant to eradicate the old system of the desktop accounting software. The facility of the cloud based accounting system may be provided to the small and the medium sized companies. The organization is also identified with the name defin ed as the Beautiful Accounting System. Xero is considered as the top most leaders of the accounting system due to all the features possessed by it. The other softwares are also defined in the market, but some of them possess the high price and others are not providing suitable feedback. Xero is considered as the suitable market leader in all aspects like in price, in execution, in reference to the services and many other aspects in comparison to the other accountant service providing softwares (IBISWorld, 2016). Current Gaps or Challenges Encounter The chances of comparison between the simple ledger keeping and the new software system increases after introducing the new accounting software in the country. There are various gaps which are observed between the latest accounting system and the manual book-keeping system. The major gap which can be identified is related to the technical gaps. The latest system is full of technical aspects in comparison to the manual system. Other than this, the other gaps relate to the sharing of the information and management of the accounting software (Maduqne, 2013). The major challenges are defined on the different level. The employees, organizations and the accountants are facing issues on the wide level. The major challenge is related to the management of the software. The accountant of the organization generally has the practice to manage the manual accounting system. To manage the accounting system, it is essential to provide the training to the accountant, which is considered as a quite difficult task. The introduction of the accounting software in the organization needs the suitable financial aspects for the installation. Without installing the software, it is not possible to manage the accounting software. On the organizational level, the challenges are related to the management of the new software in the organization. Its not considered as an easy task to manage the new software. On an organizational level, the specific strategy should be planned in a suitable manner. According to the employees point of view, managing the personal accoun ting and to identify the updates are considered as the tough tasks. So, the employees also want the personal training and mentorship to manage their personal accounting system (Lambert, 2015). Conclusion and Recommendation The complete literature review and articles defined on the particular topic will be helpful in clearing the major aspects related to the accounting software in Australia. There are various literature, journals and the articles defined in reference to the above topic, which are also helpful in evaluating the current topic in the suitable manner. After analyzing the various articles, there are various pros and cons defined for the accounting software system in Australia. The positive aspects which are defined above relate to the positive response, rapid working strategy and it also makes the calculation very easier. In fact, some of the articles also defined that the new accounting software also contributes in managing the economic aspects of the country easily. But with the pros, there are some cons too. To eradicate the cons, there are some recommendations identified. The suitable training should be provided to the accountants, so that they can able to manage the accounts easily. The process of installation should be easier. The easy process will provide the suitable assistance to the employee. By this, the employee can able to install and manage the software. On organizational level, the team members should be well prepared for the software accounting system. The mental stability will make the acceptance easier for the employees. By managing all these aspects the successful accounting software can easily be introduced. Bibliography AdvisoryHQ Team, 2016. 5 Best Small Business Accounting Software in Australia. 5 Best Small Business Accounting Software in Australia. Business Management Finance High School, 2014. History of accounting software most typical used, Available at: https://www.coursehero.com/file/p39rj1q/History-of-accounting-software-most-typical-used-method-in-accounting-was/ Dinham, P., 2016. Xero, Comm Bank collaborate on new bank feeds facility for SMEs. Xero, Comm Bank collaborate on new bank feeds facility for SMEs, 12 July. IBISWorld, 2016. Market Research and Statistical Services in Australia. Market Research and Statistical Services in Australia, June. Lambert, A., 2015. What are the challenges faced by small businesses today?. What are the challenges faced by small businesses today?, Available at: https://www.xero.com/blog/2015/05/challenges-faced-by-small-businesses/ Maduqne, 2013. Problems faced by companies that are using accounting software for their businesses. Problems faced by companies that are using accounting software for their businesses, 13 September. Muller, T., 2015. Comparison: Cloud Accounting Software. [Online] Available at: https://www.businesswise.com.au/cloud-accounting-software-comparison/ Ryan, E., 2012. The evolution of accounting software: Past, present and future. The evolution of accounting software: Past, present and future, 08 October, Available at: https://www.gaaaccounting.com/the-evolution-of-accounting-software-past-present-and-future/

My Future Essays - Finance, Master Of Business Administration

My Future I like options, I like security, and I like power. With these wants, I knew at a very early age that I would enter business and thus I attended a college that specializes in the subject. In my first position out of school, I was hired by Dunhill Equities as a cold-caller. After several weeks of being hung up on by angry prospects, I decided that this career path would not lead me to success. I then moved within the firm to a position as sales assistant. While this was by no means my dream job, I learned a tremendous amount about business, and I gained useful exposure to the world of finance. Unfortunately, the company hit a period of instability, and after ten months I transferred with my boss to Coleman & Company. Thirteen months later, that company also began to fail, and I began to search for another path to advancement. With two strikes against me, I hit a home run and was hired by Sanford Bernstein into a challenging job with limitless opportunity for growth. After almost three years at Bernstein, I am once again seeking career advancement. My education and work experience have provided me with an excellent introduction to business, and they have sparked my interest in finance. Taking into consideration my foundation and my interests, graduate business school is the next logical step. At this point in my life, I consider a Stern MBA to be necessary since I need to gain a broader understanding of finance and to sharpen my analytical skills in order to be successful in corporate finance. Stern' s MBA program will allow me to concentrate in finance, strengthen my global business perspective, and provide me with the opportunity to study with and learn from people with varied backgrounds. The school' s location in the financial capital of the world and in one of the most diverse cities in the world also suits me perfectly. Aside from advancing my career, I would also like to develop personally. In college I did not join many clubs or organizations, and I did not participate in sports. Instead, I spent all my time studying, working, or dealing with family issues. Having been away from home and living in New York City for four years, I feel the need to make a name for myself and to develop a meaningful social life. I want to take advantage of the many benefits that extracurricular activities offer, and I want to be involved in the Stern community. Upon graduation from the Stern School, I will seek a position as an associate within the corporate finance department of a large, Wall Street, investment-banking firm. In three to five years, once I have become adept in financial analyses, drafting prospectuses, preparing business presentations and other financial advisory work, I will move into a senior associate position. Here I will develop my abilities to anticipate client needs and to engineer solutions that address these needs. In approximately 10 years, I will have the experience necessary to take on upper-level management responsibilities. Acceptance Essays

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review from EssaySupply.com

4 Tips On Making Your Movie Review How to write a movie review For many people, a review can be the making or breaking point of a movie as it is used to help the reader, or in other terms, a potential audience member gains insight about the film. Even the simplest phrase such as "The best" or "The worst" can be the words that help the potential viewer and audience member decide whether or not they will see the film. As a review writer or reviewer, your job is to give your opinion, as well as help the reader decide whether or not they should see the movie for themselves. These are a few tips on how to write an insightful movie review with many high-quality details. Always watch the film first We've all seen this at least once. An article stating that a film that hasn't even come out yet is saying the movie is one of the best films ever to be produced. Or they use phrases and keywords that make it obvious they had never even watched the movie. This can be a huge turn off to an audience as they want to feel as though the opinion is honest about the film they want to watch. So don't base your opinions on what you hear, instead, take a couple of hours to watch the movie once for entertainment, and if you need to get once again a better opinion of it. Find out who your audience is All films are made with a different audience in mind, some differing with only minor details while others differ majorly. For example, you may write a movie review about "300" from an entirely different standpoint if your audience was a group of theater arts students instead of history students. A simple change can completely switch your mindset, and instead of thinking along the terms of "Is this historically accurate" or "did they dress that way." By changing the audience to theater students you begin to think in terms such as "Why did they choose to film there" or "why did they choose to kill those characters, but not those characters." Don't criticize or praise without detail We can all say whether or not a movie is good or bad. However, the reviewer wants to know why. Instead of saying "This movie was too long." Say something along the lines of, "There were too many subplots that pulled away from the actual story" or "Much of the dialogue could have been cut out and it wouldn't have made much of a difference." Even praise shouldn't exist without particular reason or insight. If you find a movie to be wonderfully entertaining, you may be tempted to write how great it was with no hesitation. However, you should still review it from a critique from a standpoint. Instead of saying something along the lines of "This movie was so fantastic, everyone should see it." You may want to say something like, "I enjoyed this film, it was quick to pull me into the story and kept me on the edge of my seat." to give your audience a more exact reason to see the film. Research the filmmaker Find out what other films they have made, take in the details of each film and how they improved with each film. Even use comparisons, by using phrases such as "One of the best films since his last feature presentation hit." or "The film was obviously an attempted repeat of their classic film" to allow the audience to derive a particular viewpoint on the movie based on the words you give them. Following these easy steps allows to learn fast how to make a movie review, or a small reminder for those who alraedy familiar with the assignment.

Caring for the Dying Patient and Their Family Members Essay

Caring for the Dying Patient and Their Family Members - Essay Example Healing begins at this intersection where clinical problems/issues (dilemmas) emerge and suffering can best be understood. It is the accepting of others' different perspectives and beliefs that helps strengthens and creates resilience in the crisis time of suffering. The experience of suffering from an illness can be alleviated by those who play a role in the lives of the one suffering. These individuals are the ones whom the patient is connected with. We often consider the ones who are connected to the person with the illness as close family members and friends. Doctors and nurses, particularly family nurses can play a big role in alleviating the patient's suffering. The reason they play a big role is because the person with the illness, or the patient, has close ties to the nurse (medical practitioner) as he or she depends on the nurse for medical care on a regular basis. Some patients and family members (this includes friends) may not realize it but the nurse also provides more than medical care such as emotional and mental encouragement, strength, hope, and so on. Or the nurse can offer the opposite and place more fear and discouragement upon the patient and family members. There is much stress when dealing with one who is suf... Not only is there stress for the patient and family members but stress for the medical staff. All humans need the support of others. When hit by a major life-changing event, humans usually have the need to share this experience with someone who they feel close to-a friend, work associate, and/or a spouse. Many studies have shown that the impact of a major life event can be changed, or modified, by a support network. (Rock, 1992 The responsibilities of nurse and medical practitioners extend further than they used to. It no longer is an age where the nurse just helps solve medical problems and cares for the physical ailment. They are an extension of the family and a link/connection to the family's ability to handle and overcome the experiences of suffering. The nurse and family interact with each other and converse with each other in this trying time and it is the knowledge, understanding, and relieving of the suffering from this type of interaction that gives the family strength and resilience during a time of family crisis. The way a nurse thinks, the languages he or she uses, the questions he or she asks, and the values that are placed on relationships can create family strengths and resiliency in the midst of suffering. "Illness is a family Caring for Patient 4 affair" and the medical staff members are part of the family. (Bell, J., 1992, pp. 244-246.) Resiliency is the "ability to recover readily from illness, depression, adversity, or the like; buoyancy," as defined by resiliency. (n.d.). Resiliency is the ability to bounce back after a down time especially a time of crisis. Suffering from an illness is definitely a time of crisis for the family. Families know quite well the experience

Are Sweatshops Good or Bad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Are Sweatshops Good or Bad - Essay Example According to the US Department of Labor, 50% of the of the garment factories operating in the USA have been found to be violating 2 or more labor laws, thus falling in the category of sweat shops (Powell and Skarbek, 3). However, the fact that they are important source of livelihoods for the majority poor within different economies of the world is also indisputable (Pollin, et al, 9). Therefore, while assessing the question of whether sweat shops are good or bad, it is important to consider that either way; the entities must find a way to survive through different economies. At this point, it is necessary to ponder on this question; would the existence of sweatshops result in more harm than the harm that would result from the closure of all sweatshops globally? In this respect, this discussion holds the argument that sweatshops are good. This is because: The fact that something is always better than nothing still holds for the majority poor. Sweat shops have created numerous job opportunities for the unskilled and the semi-skilled workforce both in the USA and throughout the world. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1997 census statistics, over 2 million people in 150 countries globally work in garment sweatshops that produce apparel for USA alone (National Labor Committee, 2).

Spa and Wellness Trends in Tourism

Spa and Wellness Trends in Tourism The Impact of the Spa and Wellness Trends into the Tourism Industry Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Growth of Spa and Wellness Spa and Wellness had become the main territory of wealthy women wanting to lose weight and look good by the mid-20th century. Its main focus was on prevention, healthy lifestyles, fitness, spirituality and relaxation. Numbers of people use spas more and more frequently to fulfill some of their most important lifestyle pursuits. Nowadays spa experience covers not only medical and spiritual programs, but also outdoor adventures and exotic travel. These spas are located in every global region, including Africa, the Middle East, and the former Eastern Bloc. The spa has turned into a popular culture, influencing everything from fashion and cosmetics, to architecture, home dà ©cor, and also cuisine. Propelled by the growing wellness trend worldwide, the spa industry is booming. European travelers number one consideration when making plans for their holidays is whether there is spa access. The growth of spa facilities and increased awareness worldwide has led to spa-inspired beauty products, as well as the opening and blossoming of groundbreaking spas and resort all over the world. 1.1.2 History of Spa and Wellness Spa- going has been practiced for many thousands of years dating back from the Mesopotamians, Egyptians and Minoans, to the Greeks and Romans and later, the Ottomans, Japanese and Western Europeans. Some say the word spa actually derives from the Latin verb spagere to pour forth. Other say the origin of the word spa comes from the Belgian town of Spa, known since Roman times for its baths. Other even claim that spa may be an acronym for the Latin phrase sanitas per aquas, which means health through water. 1.1.3 Definition of Spa The word Spa and the idea behind it derive from the time of the Roman Empire when a big number of soldiers tried to find a solution to heal their wounds. They looked for hot wells and used it as a kind of bathtub to be able to treat their aching and pain on their bodies, these places were named aquae and the bathing treatment Sanus Per Aquam (SPA), which means, health by or through water. After this incident SPA became famous throughout Europe starting in Belgium where it all started, from mineral water, to sea water and marine substances. Even until today, the ideas of these healing forms are the basis of the spa culture worldwide and hydrotherapy is seen as its major highlight. Well-being, as well as allowing you to relax, reflect, revitalise, and rejoice is the main importance in Spa. Mens sana in Corpore sanoA healthy Spirit lives in a Healthy Body 1.1.4 The West In 500 BC, the Greeks indulged in a variety of social baths, which included hot air baths. In 25 BC, the Roman Emperor designed and created the first, so called, thermae, which is a large-scale spa. Each subsequent emperor then built something new to this thermae, which made the people grow fonder of these baths. They progressively grew into large entertainment complexes offering not only sports, but also restaurants, and other various types of baths. After such baths, the next visit was to three increasingly warmer quarters, where the body was soaked, rubbed in with oils, massaged and finally exfoliated. The practice would end with a cold plunge in ice water. Besides the Roman combination of hot and cold baths, spa traditions kept growing spreading itself all over the world. For example in Japan, its first onsen (hot spring), and later the first ryoken (inns) which were built, offered exceptional food, accommodations, Zen gardens, outdoor baths as well as indoor soaking tubs.(http://www.topspahotels.com) In Finland saunas began appearing in 1000 A.D., inducting a rich Finnish spa-going tradition, which includes a treatment of sweating, as well as icy lake plunges, and to top it off plenty of beer or vodka. Nowadays these procedures still exists. And also the Ottomans were famous for their arched and beautifully mosaic hammam, the ultimate example is the Baths of Roxelana, which was built in 1556 and were equipped with the massive towering steam rooms, even containing private washing quarters, and extensive massage platforms. Roxelana became an important social center, mainly for Muslim women (http://www.topspahotels.com) After these times, Spas became famous all around, starting in Europe, namely Belgium, Germany, and England. It even stretched to the United States of America, because in 1986 New York opened the first travel agency specializing in spa vacations. Since that time, the spa industry has grown from a baby egg business into a booming billion dollar global industry. In the 19th century, Europes great spas were destinations for wealthy people, who went there to relax and rejuvenate. Until today, water treatments are still considered the heart of the spa experience in Europe. 1.2 Backgrounds This research attempts to examine strengths, threats, risks as well as opportunities and challenges Spa and Wellness Industries have to face, concerning on-going trends of the West and how they are influenced by Asian countries, as well as the changes of values and attitudes of tourists. Many people think or believe that Spa derives from Asia, due to all the marketing advertisements promotions and so on, but what they fail to realize is that, spa has also been in the west for a long period of time dating back centuries ago. Some tourists go to spa and wellness facilities to pamper themselves, relax and ease there minds as well as to get away from the hustle and bustle of their daily life style, but what they do not take into consideration, is that spas can cause more damage to their health, if they have specific pains or injuries which could worsen their condition. 1.3 Research Objectives The study can be used to have a better understanding of the Spa and Wellness Industry and the needs of consumers. It also provides strategies on how to improve Spa facilities. The specific objectives of this study are: to understand the spa and wellness market and the key factors to identify various treatments, including their benefits and risks to investigate requirements and necessities of spa- goers to recognize top spa trends that are booming to develop opportunities on how Spa facilities can progress in the future 1.4 Research Problems and Questions This research is trying to clearly respond to several questions that might be raised from this topic: 1. What are the benefits and risks of massage therapies and what could be done to minimize the risks at spa centers? 2. How did the value and attitude of tourists change, also concerning their age? 3. How was the West influenced by Asian countries, concerning the Spa and wellness industry? 4. What are top spa trends and what could be their opportunities and challenges? 5. What effect does the Spa and wellness industry have on men, since the majority of spa- goers are women? 1.5 Importance of Significance of the study Hotel industries as well as spa and wellness facilities could benefit from this study, because it points out facts like for example risks that have to be looked in further when running a spa making sure water supply is in order etc. This study also states the mentalities tourists have when it comes to their values and attitudes concerning spas and furthermore how men nowadays are more interested in going to spa facilities. This could benefit these industries to change, promote or add extra facilities for men or even open spas for men only. The importance of this study is to make sure hotels and spa facilities are aware of all these changes, challenges as well as risks and how they can benefit from the stated facts and solutions for improvement. 1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the study A major weakness of this research, which was beyond the control of the researcher, was that there was a big time constrain. There were also not that many plausible literatures available. Furthermore there are various websites and opinions of the correct definition of spa and wellness, and lack of statistics. 1.7 Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework This research is written in a way to explain different objectives in harmonic and well associated sentences to carry out the researchers intentions clearly. It explains how all the above listed points in Figure 1 relate to the Spa and wellness Industry. It describes the popular treatments with their risks and benefits and also states the factors that are important to a human body to feel at ease and be in a relaxed state of mind. Furthermore, the Alpine Wellness is explained and how Spas in the West are influenced by other Asian countries not only concerning their therapies but more in terms of colours, lighting, dà ©cor and ambiance. Moreover the perception of consumers concerning their values and attitudes are listed and how men are more and more becoming a part of the Spa and wellness industry. Lastly, trends of this industry are explained which also goes hand in hand with opportunities and challenges they might face in the future. II Review of Related Literature: 2.1 Alpine Wellness Before, wellness was only associated with well-being and relaxation. However, now wellness is also connected with health. That is why the Alpine region is especially suited for this type of wellness, because Alpine remedies, like fresh air, pure and healthy spring water, the mild, invigorating climate, mountain freshness, herbs, stone oil combined with traditional knowledge and a balanced life has meant Alpine wellness has become a new trend, also with its interior furnishing, alpine cuisine and different atmosphere. That is why today Alpine Wellness is a special form of wellness offering hay baths to herbal saunas, natural applications and products, surrounded by South Tyrols, Austria, fascinating mountain landscape. Alpine Wellness refers to nature, culture and life quality in the area. It displays an original charm of the alpine environment, which makes the special sensuality of the Alps a unique and exclusive experience.Therefore the Alps are promoted worldwide as one of the most attractive and effective regions for wellness. (http://www.alpinewellness.com) 2.2 Facial Treatments A facial deeply cleanses and maintains the skin by exfoliating dead skin cells. The goal is to maintain smooth, clear, well-hydrated skin. Its the second most popular spa service after the massage.Trying to stop our natural ageing process is not quite possible yet, but we can help our skins age with just a few simple steps. We need a lot of fresh air, enough sleep, relaxation, lots of water and a diet of fruits and vegetables so our skin stays free from blemishes. Nevertheless, there are companies that have even come up with gadgets, which can slow down premature aging.Slendertone, the British company behind the homonymous body trainers that tone the silhouette through electric stimulation of the muscles, has released a corresponding product for the face on Sept 9. As part of a 12-week plan, the Slendertone Face is supposed to help stimulate the muscles of the face through pads that, attached to the skin, receive small electric shocks (http://www.sun2surf.com/article.cfm?id=38421) A facial is given by a licensed esthetician with special training in skin care; it involves a few basic steps: cleansing, skin analysis, exfoliation, massage, extraction of blackheads and other impurities, and application of products targeted to your skin type (dry, oily, mixed, sensitive, and mature). On the contrary of the West, the tropical Asian women have a head start on giving their skin all kinds of treatments, because the basic steps have always been a part of their traditional life style for centuries. They have easy access to the ingredients they need for the preparation of their facial treatments, because they can harvest them right off their botanical garden.The West does not have the same opportunities as Asians have and therefore use a night cream or neck cream and new oxygen creams. Asians on the other hand used and still use raw plant extract to get rid off dead skin cells, fight acne, replenish moisture or achieve an SPF.That is why a lot of women gather themselves in Asian spas, where they get traditional treatments, without any chemical input, but still giving them the softest skin and a very relaxed state of mind.They will most probably have their faces treated with some ingredients, which they will also be able to find in their refrigerator at home. Examples for these treatments are: Traditional honey- cucumber facial (honey, lime, cucumber) Traditional facial (corn, rice powder, cucumber juice, carrot juice.) 2.3 Factors of a complete well-being Although our bodies detoxify naturally every day most of us lead busy lives that make it impossible for our bodies to eliminate these toxins completely, which leads to a build-up in our systems. (http://www.mirrorreaderoffers.co.uk) Therefore the most important factors for a complete well-being are not only healthy and steady weight or solid relationships, but most importantly the rejection of tobacco, sparing of alcohol, managing stress and having a high knowledge level. Once one has fulfilled all of the points mentioned above, one will feel at ease, relaxed and out of worries, making it possible for a person to have a piece of mind. 2.3.1 Accommodation The accommodation of a Spa and wellness facility plays a very important role. The wellness hotels have to be located in a very heartwarming relaxing area, away from all the traffic, noise, pollution etc., where the guests have to be able to feel at ease and get their desired treatment in a dimmed room with a relaxing atmosphere and warm colors.For the guests it is also important to have a good choice of nutrition. The hotel has to offer light, healthy food, which also tastes excellent. They have to have a stunning, breathtaking view from their room, where they can watch and observe the scenery while having a glass of wine on the balcony.Of course facilities such as, swimming pools, whirlpools, sports club, fitness center, sauna, steam room, beauty salon, hairdresser, health center, bar and nightclub have to be put at the customers disposal as well. But of course wellness is not enough. The main relaxation of a guest to fulfill his or her stay is, hospitality, comfort, a homey ambianc e, personal care and many more comforting factors which are food for the soul. 2.4 Massage Therapy Massage therapy is seen as the oldest methods of healing, nearly 4000 years old. It is often referred to the use of many techniques to the muscular structure and soft tissues of the body. These therapies are usually done by using the hand, but other body parts such as elbows, forearms, or feet can be put into action as well. One applies fix or movable pressure, rocking, vibration, holding, kneading and compression. These massage therapies are a positive influence to the overall health and well-being of the person. Therapies are for example Acupressure (using fingers or even toes to press key points on the surface of the skin to stimulate the bodys natural ability to heal itself) and Acupuncture (stimulates key points of the body by inserting needles) 2.4.1 Benefits of Massage therapy There are many beneficial aspects of a massage therapy to a human body. For example it relaxes the whole body, by relieving tired and aching muscles, at the same time it also loosens tight muscles, and it also increases flexibility and range of motion and diminishes chronic pain. Additionally it calms the nervous system, lowers blood pressure and heart rate. Moreover it enhances skin tone and assists in recovery from injuries and illness and strengthens the immune system. Furthermore this kind of therapy can reduce tension headaches and mental stress as well as improve concentration, promote restful sleep and lastly aid in mental relaxation.They can relieve muscle tension and pain in people who suffer from chronic back pain, or who have had an injury from sports or a car accident. Mental Benefits of Massage Therapy Fosters peace of mind Promotes a relaxed state of mental alertness Helps relieve mental stress Improves ability to monitor stress signals and respond appropriately Enhances capacity for calm thinking and creativity Emotional Benefits Satisfies needs for caring nurturing touch Fosters a feeling of well-being Reduces levels of anxiety Creates body awareness Increases awareness of mind-body connection (http://www.holisticonline.com/Massage/mas_benefits.htm) 2.5 Spas for men According to the International Spa Association men are going to Spas more often, not just to get a sports massage and manicures, but also trying out new things, like cocoa butter rubdowns, body wraps etc. Men look for treatments that relieve shaving irritation or something that soothes the skin from dry weather conditions. They want to be given the impression that they do not have to be in the same room as a bunch women getting their nails done etc. so they look for a Spa that offers private rooms and other facilities like hot tubs and waiting rooms. Nowadays there are even Men only Spas like in New York City, the Nickel Spa for Men or in Washington D.C, Grooming Lounge and the Absolute Spa at the Fairmont Hotel in Vancouver. More over, according to a Malaysian Newspaper The Sun (28/09/2009), nowadays there is even extra nail polish only for men, referred to as male polish, which is supposedly to be the next big thing. Often used for filling and strengthening nails, there are also first product lines such as the one by hip Berlin label Uslu Airlines that focus on aesthetics. These nail polishes for men are ranging from RM 14 RM 105 each. Knowing that mens skin requires specific care, Nugeno Men has introduced an ultimate skincare range formulated especially for the modern men on-the-go. As healthy skin is the most important element of a great looking face, skincare solution is made easy to achieve and critical that one can do it at home on a daily fuss-free basis (http://www.sun2surf.com/section.cfm?id=24) 2.6 Body Treatments Body treatments are basically a facial for the whole body. It is just as important to wash and hydrate the skin on the body, as it is the skin of the face. Various Spa centers provide a wide variety of essential oils or scrub materials, such as orange blossom, peppermint salt glow, cucumber salt glow and many more. After the body scrub, one might want to make an additional body mask, which involves an application of mud, algae or seaweed over the entire body and afterwards wrapped in a thermal blanket, which is a treatment that stimulates the metabolic system, immediately fastening to carry away waste products. Another famous treatment is the so called body wrap , which originally was a treatment where bandages or plastic wraps was tightly wrapped around the body in order to induce weight loss through a process called vasodilatation. (http://www.populararticles.com/category160.html) . Now it is seen as a treatment used to treat or prevent cellulite. Afterwards the body wrap usually ends with an application of lotion. This treatment is also called a body cocoon or body mask 2.6.1 Benefits and threats of Body Treatments The benefits of a body wrap is to get rid off the body toxins through metabolic stimulation and softening the skin as well afterwards, by applying Shea butter and rich lotions which are hydrating treatments. On the other hand, there are different threats when it comes to a body scrub, for example one should not expect a body wrap to be a massage. You can get both treatments. Another common threat would be, that if a person has claustrophobia, body scrub, wrap or mask, may not be the right treatment. Furthermore one might be left alone during the treatment, so if there is uncomforting feeling due to that, then one should ask before booking the service. Yet, although there are some threats, there are also various positive aspects when looking at a body treatment. They are proven effective and safe for use in increasing blood circulation, improving appearance of skin, hair, and nails, as well as supporting the immune system functions, furthermore enhancing removal of toxins and waste products, also increasing the healing rate of soft tissue and finally helping relieve of discomfort and pain. Stress reduction and relief, soothing sore joints and muscles, and simply feeling better about oneself. (http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/features/spas-the-risks-and-benefits) 2.7 Risks of Spas According to Elizabeth Heubeck, while spas promise to restore, refresh, and renew and some offer even more explicit health claims they generally dont warn you of the potential risks involved, which do exist.Certain spa treatments can worsen chronic and acute health conditions. All spas can establish risks to the general public, especially when operated in a state of uncleanliness.One can never tell how clean a spas water or supply is. But one can try to minimize the risk of becoming infected by contaminated water or supplies. (http://www.webmd.com/skin-beauty/guide/risks-of-spa-treatments) Poor water quality can transform into a breeding ground for microbes or germs, which could lead to skin boils from a chain of unhygienic whirlpool footbaths, which are used as part of a pedicure treatment. A report released by the CDC in 2004 showed that more than half of all public hot tub spas in the US violate public health safety standards. Of the 5,000 spas inspected, 57% breached at least one safety violation. Poor water quality was the most common violation. (http://www.littlespeck.com/content/health/CTrendsHealth-051218.htm) Some people find it extremely relaxing to sit in a sauna, a wooden room infused with dry heat that supposedly eliminates toxins as it opens pores and promotes sweating. But if you have the flu, the cold, a respiratory infection, or an asthma flare-up, you should not be sitting in the sauna. 2.7.1 What can you do to reduce your risk of infection at spas? One has to lurk around the spa area before getting some kind of treatment as well as observe the spa for general cleanliness and also listen to the people who have been there before (word of mouth). It is recommended to bring the own equipment to avoid the threat of contamination, when asking for special treatments.One should also be very careful if there are any open cuts or wounds one the body, one should cancel the appointment until they have healed, because any open area of the skin can stimulate infection.But knowing the risks that pertain to you and carefully judging the cleanliness of a spa before making an appointment, it can take a long time to ensure ones safety and satisfaction. If one is not sure about a certain treatment, which might affect ones wellbeing, then one should consult a doctor first. (http://www.littlespeck.com/content/health/CTrendsHealth-051218.htm) 2.8 How the West is influenced by Asia The interior designs of the western modernity are the influences of the Asian culture, an example of that would be the colour pink, which plays a big role in it. The best example for this is the Yi Spa in Berlin. Since 2006 the modern Spa with an Asian flare seduces its customers in absolute relaxation. On 130 square meters diverse far eastern healing methods are applied. The team is led by three Thai women with the motto of We know the way to 7th heaven. Asian massage arts like baths, packages, and peelings and so on are provided with natural products, relaxing music, small snacks and exotic drinks for long lasting stress reduction. The hectic big city jungle immediately recedes after entering a wellness oasis. Slate, stone and dark wood in combination with magenta lures one to let him or her be spoiled from head to toe by such a peaceful atmosphere. The western people who have been to Asian countries are inspired by the beautiful surroundings and therefore remember or look forward to their relaxing, enchanting and far eastern vacation experience. One Problem that is faced is that there are various Chinese herbal pharmacies in the West, which is living proof of the crossover between east and west. These pharmacies are usually run by western biologists and supply mostly to non-Asians, where they get Chinese medical diagnosis and are prescribed herbal prescriptions, which they bring to their house and make up into a tea.The only problem is that very often there is a language and cultural difficulty, which prevents customers from coming into such kind of shops. There are differences as well as similarities of the philosophies between Eastern and Western medical models. The biggest difference in philosophy between them is how each sees the body. Western medicine looks upon the body as being very mechanistic. In former times the beginning of the scientific study of the body through autopsy and the scientific method states that the mans physical body is separate from his soul. Traditional Chinese Medicine dates back to nearly 5000 years. It views the body as an ecosystem, a garden within a garden. Their philosophy comes from Taoist teachings and is one of integration and balance. They believe in a life force called Qi, which flows through the body giving life energy. When the flow of Qi is disrupted the body becomes out of balance. A diagnosis in Traditional Medicine differs from the Western medicine. The western people go to a doctor and complain about certain illnesses or pains. Afterwards a practitioner formulates a diagnosis and treatment of the symptoms. They believe that diseases develop from established causes, which are then treated by more or less fixed protocols. (http://www.uwosh.edu/eap/updates/docs/Fall%202001%20Vol.%205%202.doc) Whereas, the Chinese relies on the three basic methods of diagnosis, namely: Tounge Pulse. Patterns 2.9 Trends Why do people go to visit Spas? The trend to wellness is the product of various overall social trends. More and more people have the opportunity nowadays of decision-making- which was unthinkable in former times, where they were forced to follow certain political, economical or social statuses. A few examples of the changes are the age of getting married is increasing, and the education nowadays takes longer and a lifetime of learning is postulated. They also feel that they are responsible for their own health and therefore are ready to change their lifestyle for it. They would like to stay in shape and also at the same time away from any possible diseases. It has been proven that people with high blood pressure, blood sugar or cholesterol have a higher chance of getting ill. Therefore more and more people have the necessity to improve these risk factors by having a wide interest in exercise and nutrition. Exercise and nutrition is also part of getting old. Wide ranges of older people want to have a longer life and therefore there is a connection between the increasing life expectancy and the wellness trend. Here in particular we find a high interest in healthy nutrition, relaxation- and concentration techniques and also food supplements (Vitamins, trace elements etc.) Women have more and more influence in social development. The increasing educational level and the growing participation of women in the workforce lead to their having a higher salary and higher influence in politics and economy. In Austria respectively Germany, women bring as much money home as men.Women are the one that show more interest in these matters. Fitness and health magazines are mostly read by women, it is more likely for them to change their lifestyle to a healthier one.However Wellness is not only a trend for women. A lot of men are starting to take more interest in it as well and will in some degree- grow stronger in the future. Spiritual tourism adds to this education of people seeking for a meaning while on vacation. The increasing individualism of our society and the loss of common traditions have combined to expand the need to find something deeper and more meaningful.Bookstores have a lot of literature about self-healing, Buddhism or esoteric subjects. That is why more and more people are also starting to use their holidays to look for a new kind of inner peace. Spiritual tourism has become one of the fastest growing segments in the travel industry worldwide; even it might be one of the oldest forms of tourism. Examples for this are Muslims traveling to Mecca, or Sikhs visiting the Golden Temple and Christians and Jews visiting the Holy Land. 2.9.1 Top Spa Trends One trend is the Healthy Sleep at the Spa. With sleep comes exercise, nutrition and stress management. Hotels and resorts will put greater importance on creating ideal sleep environments, by minimal light and sound, aromatherapy, and ultra-relaxing spa treatments. Also Detox at the Spa became a trend. As culture continues to discover more toxins such as stress, environmental pollution etc, Spas look for more people to turn to spas for a range of detox solutions, which usually includes relaxation, all-organic diets, sweating, exercise, steams and saunas. The next trend is Spa Retreats at Resort Spas. For years destination spas have offered specialty weeks in yoga, sexual health, or medical concerns such as quitting smoking. Now resorts and hotels are getting into the retreat business, adding specialty programs or special accommodations that appeal to their past guests. Another trend is Medical Tourism. Western people are travelling to global destinations, often in beautiful, culturally rich Asian countries like Bangkok, South Africa and India, where treatments are more affordable than in their own countr

Patients and Cancer

This paper explores different peer-reviewed articles that attempts to shed some light on the phenomenon of the lived experience of patients with cancer; supporting the fact that individuality is a huge factor in the care of cancer patients. Manu types of cancers exist and patients should be treated as individuals versus as a disease or diagnosis. As oncology nurses we accumulate knowledge on a daily basis that may be revised in practice. Therefore, it becomes our innate duty to visit the literature and gain the understanding and evidence that will help us in improving our practice of nursing.The articles, however, vary in the type of cancer with different treatment modalities and the collection methods but have the commonality of all participants being diagnosed with Cancer. The findings showed that patients have many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs among others but exercise hope when family support is present. These shortcomings or gaps in knowledge can alter how care is rece ived and administered. We as nurses, have a lot of work to do in assisting patients feel more individualized with the diagnosis of Cancer.Each day in practice we meet new patients and see old ones and we may see them smile or get sad or display other emotions but as nurses do not take enough time to find out what our patients face and how they handle their diagnoses of cancer. As nurses we get so wrapped up in our daily tasks. Cancer is an experience that can threaten not only the end of one’s life, but also touch all aspects of the person’s existence, making it significant to them and if it is significant to them then it should also be the same to us.Cancer also imposes so many burdens on patients, families and the society at large. So large that it is labeled the silent killer and will overtake disease as top killer by the end of 2010 (foxnews. com). I chose this topic because I realize the gap in knowledge and communication between what happens to patients between d iagnoses, treatment and discharge, up to the time they return for follow -up cycles to the time they may hear that the cancer has either metastasis or have been cured (in remission).Just knowing that your life will change is significant enough. We, as nurses are first line in the patient care area. The Doctor walks in and tells the patient that they have cancer and then walk out and the nurse is faced with the aftermath, the questions and the emotions that follow. The nurse is also the one that administers the chemotherapy and various radiation treatments and again is faced with questions and emotions. At discharge the nurse again becomes the one that is faced with questions and emotions.It may not be possible to answer all the questions and for the ones that we are not sure of, we can refer or ask the doctor to explain but having the knowledge of what it may be like for these cancer patients can help with how we approach these questions and the treatment options. Having this knowle dge can help in terms of support, teaching, prevention and alleviation of suffering, enabling us to give more culturally congruent care. Literature Review In Arber et al. s (2008) article on the lived experience of patients with pleural mesothelioma it was found that these patients had many unmet psychosocial and emotional needs and that there was a lack of information provided to patients . A feeling of isolation was also reported. All patients and care givers experienced frustration due to the physical experience (Arber et al. , 2008). It was showed that these patients wanted to tell their stories and wanted people to listen. The methodology was phenomenology which was appropriate for the study with unstructured interview questions allowing for participants to speak their mind and their experiences.As nurses sometimes we are unsure of what to say for fear of saying the wrong thing. There was also evidence of loss of intimacy with partners. Macmillan Cancer support (2006) states th at four out of ten couples where one partner has cancer report sexual problems (Arber et al. , 2008). The study was done only on patients with mesothelioma and was very small making it hard to generalize to other cancer areas. The patients and families were only from a specialist palliative community center assuming that these patients had incurable mesothelioma.Benzein et al. , (2005) studied cancer in palliative care in home care and made hope the center of the study. The findings showed that the participants used hope to live as normally as possible. The meaning of the experience of hope seemed to be a will to live for a while longer (Benzein et al. , 2005). The structural analysis revealed the hope of being cured, a hope of living as normally as possible, a presence of confirmative relationships and reconciliation with life and death.The commonality between this article and Arber et al. , 2008 is that these cancers were incurable, however in this article the study group was a mi x of males and females ages 54-83 with a median age of 65. The previous article failed to reveal the ages of the participants, making it difficult to impact practice. The other difference is that the latter was done in the patient’s own homes while the study on patients with mesothelioma was done in a different setting that may influence the outcome.Being surrounded by loved ones in the home setting would allow the patient to feel more human, than being in a hospital setting where they are just another patient and loved ones may not be able to visit at lib, which in the end has a negative impact on recovery. Demir et al. , (2008) in their quest to understand the experience of breast cancer survivors that underwent biopsies used a phenomenological approach to reveal three themes that were evident among participants, namely, the need for information, fear and spiritual needs.The study also suggests that results may be different considering different emotional investments in the ir breasts, sociocultural factors and age. The study was a very small group of twenty with the interviews being held in an unused room outside the clinic before the patients postoperative visits. Having the interviews on postoperative days may further aggravate feelings of fear that could invalidate the study. When compared to the study done by Perreault et al. , (2005) similarities were evident as participants exhibited fear and uncertainty. This study studied women with breast cancer and examined their experiences.Both studies used the interpretative phenomenological approach to gain insights. What this study included that would help with validity that Demir et al. , (2008) did not include was the staging. The staging of the cancer can have a great impact on the emotions and fear and response to experience. This sample size was only six person who lowered the reliability and generalizability. Lacey, (2005), researched breast cancer and support aides revealed that participants were identified as being too overwhelmed and stressed to make decisions about their care.They trusted their physicians to make the appropriate choices and appreciated and welcomed the support of family members. They also expressed hope. These same sentiments were echoed somewhat in Demir et al. , (2008) and Perreault et al. , (2005). All 3 studies involved breast cancer and the study method was the same and even though the same size and ages may have varied, it may prove to offer some insight as to what these women face adding to the validity. All 3 papers also suggest that more research may be necessary to facilitate the different decision- making and emotional abilities. The definite commonality expressed and assumed mong all these articles so far is the need for information especially at different stages. Molen, (2000) study sought to identify the different information needed for people with cancer. Adequate, appropriate and timely information can be a key element for many people in managing the experience of cancer. Different themes emerged from the research. There was a deficit in information regarding self-identity, body image, and family, social and work relationships. A cancer diagnoses impacts all areas of an individual’s life, and life management information is equally as important as medical information. Molen, 2000). Cancer was viewed as an intrusion and illness engendered feelings of vulnerability that impacted on their normal coping mechanisms. This research had six participants all with different types of cancer with ages ranging from 45 to 65. The end results showed feelings and questions received on a daily basis but the sample size was so small and the age range was so limited that may lessen the reliability. However, further research may be needed to identify the different ages when information becomes such a deciding factor or the processing of information since all the participants were older.Similarly, information needs proved to be a big part of the equation as evidenced in another research study done by Molen (2005). However the type of information, the amount and to what depth varied considerably between individuals proving that information needs are unlikely to remain static and consequently, will change throughout the cancer experience. The literature highlights the importance of information giving, however; many problems are encountered with its provision. People with cancer frequently express dissatisfaction with the information given to them and experience difficulty in retaining and processing information.The cancer experience invariably begins before the point of diagnoses and information needs clearly change over time. (Molen 2005) Jones et al. , (2006) in researching the lived experience showed similarity with the Molen, (2000) themes that emerged from the different stories including changing concepts of self, the significant of relationships, being different from the past and temporality. These patie nts were bone marrow transplant candidates who were experiencing a mountain of emotions that they believed were affecting them negatively.From their stories it was clear that all participants underwent many physical and emotional changes. Taking it to a different level Meenaghan et al. , (2010) researched elderly patients and their lived experience and concluded that all participants experienced fear and shock at diagnoses but also experienced hope despite their age. With good support from family and friends participants exhibited hope and revealed that they learned to cope with the diagnoses and its treatments. As expressed in Perreault et al. (2005), the same fear and uncertainty was revealed and the same method of data collection and interview was used. Walker et al. , (2009) attempted to understand the lived experience of cancer patients undergoing photodynamic therapy. Analysis of the data yielded six themes, the impact on day –to- day life, existential meaning, the phys ical effects of treatment, and the kaleidoscope of emotions, information gap and family burden. This article summarizes all the feelings expressed by all the previously reviewed articles.If not all a least one of the articles expressed the same feelings which leads nurses to believe that these are the expected emotions, fears and expressions that can be experienced and that we all should be mindful of the factors that to suffering and the nursing interventions that can be used to address these multiple dimensions of suffering. All these studies used the phenomenological approach which is appropriate and if not the interpretative design the descriptive. Sample sizes and ages vary but the information and end results remained the same or close to the same throughout this literature review.